S. Juricke, S. Danilov, N. Koldunov, M. Oliver, and D. Sidorenko,
Ocean kinetic energy backscatter parametrization on unstructured grids: Impact on global eddy-permitting simulations,
J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst. 12 (2020), e2019MS001855, doi:10.1029/2019MS001855.

Abstract:

In this study we demonstrate the potential of a kinetic energy backscatter scheme for use in global ocean simulations. Ocean models commonly employ (bi-)harmonic eddy viscosities causing excessive dissipation of kinetic energy in eddy-permitting simulations. Over-dissipation not only affects the smallest resolved scales, but also the generation of eddies through baroclinic instabilities, impacting the entire wavenumber spectrum. The backscatter scheme returns part of this over-dissipated energy back into the resolved flow.

We employ backscatter in the FESOM2 multiresolution ocean model with a quasi-uniform 1/4°. In multidecadal ocean simulations, backscatter increases eddy activity by a factor 2 or more, moving the simulation closer to observational estimates of sea surface height variability. Moreover, mean sea surface height, temperature, and salinity biases are reduced. This amounts to a globally averaged bias reduction of around 10% for each field, which is even larger in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. However, in some regions such as the coastal Kuroshio backscatter leads to a slight over-energizing of the flow, and in the Antarctic to an unrealistic reduction of sea ice. Some of the bias increases can be reduced by a retuning of the model and we suggest related adjustments to the backscatter scheme. The backscatter simulation is about 2.5 times as expensive as a simulation without backscatter. Most of the increased cost is due to a halving of the time step to accommodate higher simulated velocities.

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