H. Mohamad and M. Oliver,
\(H^s\)-class construction of an almost invariant slow subspace for the Klein-Gordon equation in the non-relativistic limit,
J. Math. Phys. 59 (2018), 051509.

Abstract:

We consider the linear Klein--Gordon equation in one spatial dimension with periodic boundary conditions in the non-relativistic limit where \(\varepsilon = \hbar^2/(mc^2)\) tends to zero. It is classical that the equation is well posed, for example, in the sense of possessing a continuous semiflow into spaces \(H^{s+1} \times H^{s}\) for wave function and momentum, respectivly. In this paper, we iteratively contruct a family of bounded operators \(F^N \colon H^{s+1} \to H^{s}\) whose graphs are \(O(\varepsilon^N)\)-invariant subspaces under the Klein-Gordon evolution for \(O(1)\) times. Contrary to a naive asymptotic series, there is no "loss of derivatives" in the iterative step, i.e., the Sobolev index \(s\) can be chosen independent of \(N\). This is achieved by solving an operator Sylvester equation at each step of the construction.
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